GERD Dispute: Egypt and Sudan Invoke Colonial-Era Nile Water Rights

Egypt and Sudan continue to invoke colonial-era agreements to assert their water rights regarding the Nile, even long after the completion of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). The two governments maintain that the dispute should remain confined exclusively to Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia, rejecting involvement from other Nile Basin countries. The 1959 Nile Waters Agreement, which remains a focal point for Egypt and Sudan, was signed solely between them without Ethiopia's participation and effectively allocated the river's water resources between the two nations.